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Friday, December 27, 2013

FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM

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FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM

FREQUENCY- HOP SPREAD SPECTRUM
AIM
To simulate the frequency-hop spread spectrum modulation techniques using MATLAB program and to calculate the bit error rate.
THEORY
Spread Spectrum is a means of transmission in which the data of interest occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth is necessary to send the data.
The primary advantage of a spread-spectrum communication system is its ability to reject interference whether it is the unintentional interference of another user simultaneously attempting to transmit through the channel, or the intentional interference of a hostile transmitter attempting to jam transmission. Spread Spectrum modulation was originally developed for military applications where resistance to jamming is of major concern. Another application is in multi access communication in which a number of independent users are required to share a common channel without an external synchronizing mechanism. Principles of spread spectrum modulation emphasis on direct sequence and frequency hopping techniques. In a direct sequence spread spectrum technique two stages of modulations are used. First, the incoming data sequence is used to modulate a wide band code. This code transforms the narrow band data sequence into a noise-like wide band signal. The resulting wide band signal undergoes a second modulation using a phase shift keying technique.
In a frequency-hop spread spectrum technique, the spectrum of a data modulator carrier is widened by changing the carrier frequency in a pseudo random modulator manner. For their operation both of this techniques rely on the ability of a noise like spreading code called a pseudo random or pseudo noise sequence.
PN SEQUENCE
A Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence is defined as a coded sequence of 0’s & 1’s with certain autocorrelation properties. The maximum length sequence, a type of cyclic code is commonly used as a periodic PN sequence.
In case of spread spectrum a Periodic PN sequence is used with a period of N = 2m-1, where m is the length of the shift register. Such sequences have long periods and require simple instrumentation in the form of a linear feedback shift register. PN sequence may also be a periodic. Such sequence is known as Barker sequence.


FREQUENCY HOP SPREAD SPECTRUM
In a frequency-hop spread spectrum technique, the spectrum of a data modulated carrier is widened by changing the carrier frequency in a pseudo random manner. In this the carrier hops randomly from one frequency to another. There are two frequency hopping.
  1. Slow-frequency hopping
In this the symbol rate Rsis an integer multiple of the hop rate Rh. ie. Several
Symbols are transmitted on each frequency hop.
Rs= nRh
  1. Fast-frequency hopping
In this the hop rate Rhis an integer multiple of the symbol rate Rs.ie. Carrier frequency will change or hop several times during the transmission of one symbol.
Rh= nRs

ALGORITHM
  1. Generate the signal which is to be spread.
  2. Generate the PN sequence.
  3. Multiply the PN sequence with message signal.
  4. Display the pseudo sequence and frequency-hop spread sequence.

FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM
clc;
clear all;
close all;

% Generation of bit pattern
s=round(rand(1,25));%generating 20 bits
signal=[];
carrier=[];
t=[0:2*pi/119:2*pi];
for k=1:25
if s(1,k)==0
sig=-ones(1,120);%120 minus ones for bit0
else
        sig=ones(1,120);
    end
    c=cos(t);
    carrier = [carrier c];
    signal = [signal sig];
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('|bf|it original bit sequence');

% BPSK modulation of the signal
bpsk_sig=signal.*carrier; %modulating the signal
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(bpsk_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('|bf|itbpsk modulated signal');

% Preparation of 6 new carrier frequencies
t1=[0:2*pi/9:2*pi];
t2=[0:2*pi/19:2*pi];
t3=[0:2*pi/29:2*pi];
t4=[0:2*pi/39:2*pi];
t5=[0:2*pi/59:2*pi];
t6=[0:2*pi/119:2*pi];
c1=cos(t1);
c1=[c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1 c1];
c2=cos(t2);
c2=[c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2];
c3=cos(t3);
c3=[c3 c3 c3 c3];
c4=cos(t4);
c4=[c4 c4 c4];
c5=cos(t5);
c5=[c5 c5];
c6=cos(t6);
% Random frequency hops to form a spread_signal
spread_signal=[];
for n=1:25
    c=randint(1,1,[1,6]);
switch(c);
case(1)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c1];
case(2)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c2];
case(3)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c3];
case(4)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c4];
case(5)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c5];
case(6)
spread_signal = [spread_signal c6];
end
end
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(spread_signal);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('|bf}if spread signal with 6 frequencies');

% Spreading BPSK signal into wideband with total of 12 frequencies
freq_hopped_sig = bpsk_sig.*spread_signal;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(freq_hopped_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('|bf|if frequency hopped spread spectrum signal');

% Expressing the FFT's
figure,subplot(2,1,1);
plot([1:3000],freq_hopped_sig);
axis([-100 3100 -1.5 1.5]);
title('|bf|if frequency hopped spread spectrum signal or in fft');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(abs(fft(freq_hopped_sig)));

################################################################################
RESULT
Thus the MATLAB programs for frequency hopping spread spectrum modulation techniques were executed and the waveforms were obtained.




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